Endocrine Abstracts

Objectives: Pheochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that originate in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and excessively secrete catecholamines, which leads to a multitude of different symptoms. The most common symptoms include headaches, palpitations and sweating. Because of a diverse clinical picture, they pose a major challenge in diagnostics and often go unidentified. The diagnosis is confirmed by measuring plasma and 24-hour urinary metanephrine and normetan...

Introduction: Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare congenital form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) associated with anosmia, that occurs with an incidence of 1:48,000 (1:30,000 males). Multiple separate pituitary adenomas are also rare, identified in only 0.7 % of pituitary adenoma cases.Case Presentation: A male Caucasian patient presented with absent puberty, small testicles (1 ml), microphalus, osteopenia and anosmia at age 15. Endocrine assessment c...

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes have an increased risk of developing other autoimmune diseases, most commonly autoimmune thyroiditis and celiac disease.Objectives: To examine the frequency of individual human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles in people with T1DM and associated autoimmune (AI) diseases of the thyroid, digestive system, and skin, and ...

Aim of the Study: The main objectives were to examine the incidence of hyperlipoproteinemia in postmenopausal women and to determine the differences in lipid profile considering age, duration of menopause and body mass index in postmenopausal women.Material and Methods: The research was structured as a cross-sectional research with historical data. The research used data collected during regular check-ups in primary health care clinics in the Osijek Heal...

Background: Medullary thyroid cancer is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that can secrete variety of hormones, including ACTH. Cushing syndrome due to ectopic ACTH secretion is a rare complication of medullary thyroid cancer, usually accociated with metastatic disease. Around 50 percent of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and ectopic Cushing syndrome die due to complications of hypercortisolism. Based on the aforementioned, efficient management of hypercortisolism is cr...

Introduction: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte imbalance in hospitalized patients and frequent finding in intensive care units. Hyponatremia is characterized with serum sodium values less than 135 mmol/l and defined by the ratio of total sodium and total body water. It presents with lethargy, confusion, neuromuscular excitability, hyperreflexia, stupor and even coma. In addition to neurological signs and symptoms, assessment of hyponatremia is based on severity and ...

Introduction: Pituitary tumors leading to acromegaly are typically diagnosed as macroadenomas with the potential to infiltrate nearby tissues. If left untreated, acromegaly can result in systemic complications, such as hypertension, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, leading to substantial comorbidities and a higher mortality rate.Case report: We present a case of a 57-year-old patient who initially presented in 1993 with g...

Introduction: Double and multiple pituitary adenomas (PAs) are rare in patients with Cushing’s disease. If two PAs are found, MRI cannot assess secretory activity. The claimed diagnostic effectiveness of inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) ranges from 82 to 100% across various studies. Yet, this procedure has limitations in everyday clinical practice. Thus, more clinical data on these lesions and possible advanced yet simpler diagnostical procedures are needed, as tre...

Background: The pathogenesis, biologic behavior, and treatment of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) are different. The diagnosis relies on multiple factors, but pathologic assessment is crucial. Based on currently available diagnostic criteria, the distinction between NET G3 and NEC are made on morphologic assessment, without taking Ki-67 proliferative index into consideration. This study looks at the conc...

Introduction: Pheochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, secreting catecholamines and causing symptoms such as hypertension, anxiety, panic attacks, palpitations, and headaches. An adrenal gland incidentaloma is identified as an unintentional discovery in approximately 3 - 4 % of computed tomography (CT) abdomens performed. Pheochromocytoma is diagnosed in about 5% of adrenal incidentalomas. Diagnosing pheochromoc...