Endocrine Abstracts

Introduction: Acromegaly is a chronic disease caused by hypersecretion of GH and IGF1, it is associated with a high risk of cancer, however the excess incidence of thyroid cancer remains controversial, we report four cases.Patients and methods: The diagnosis of acromegaly has been placed on a dosage of GH and IGFI, the diagnostic of carcinoma is based on histological study of the surgical specimen.Results: The sex ♀ predomina...

A 49 year-old Filipino male presented at the emergency room because of progressive dyspnea. He was diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma by fine needle aspiration biopsy of his 7×5 cm thyroid mass 3 months prior to his current consultation. He was scheduled to undergo total thyroidectomy but he opted to postpone his surgery due to intermittent cough. On admission, a pulmonary mass with pleural effusion on the right was noted on chest radiograph. He was considered to ...

Introduction: Identification of molecular markers with a reliable prognostic value may greatly improve the management of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Rac1b, a hyperactive splice variant of the small GTPase Rac1, was found to be overexpressed in colorectal, breast and lung cancer. It has been shown to sustain tumor cell survival in colorectal cancer and was reported to have a key role in the malignant progression of breast and lung tumors. The Rac1b tumorige...

Introduction: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor in which somatostatin receptor (sst) expression is higher for sst1 and sst5 than for sst2. This may explain why the available sst2–selective analogues do not work in these patients and why pasireotide (SOM230), a novel, multi-receptor targeted somatostatin analogue with high-binding affinity for sst1,2,3 and sst5 coul...

Introduction: CLM29, a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound, inhibits several targets (including the RET tyrosine kinase, epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and has an anti-angiogenic effect). Recently it has been shown to inhibit proliferation and migration in primary papillary dedifferentiated thyroid cancer cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of CLM29 in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC).<p c...

Introduction: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, with a steadily increasing incidence in the last few decades worldwide. Studies revealed the predisposition to PTC by the heterozygous state of rs2910164 within the precursor of microRNA146a. Interestingly, on the same chromosome, 40Kb separate the pre-miR-146a from the pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG1), a proto-oncogene involved in thyroid carcinomas. A genome-w...

Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that act as negative regulators of gene expression. The miRNA expression is impaired in many types of human cancer including thyroid cancer. The tissue profile of miRNAs has been shown to be useful for differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules, however attainment of tissue samples requires an invasive procedure while blood sampling is minimally invasive and easy to obtain. The aim of this study...

Introduction: Our group has a bank of human primary thyroid cultures (BANTTIC) obtained from patients. All are individual cultures specifically genotyped and phenotyped. We believe of great interest the search for biomarkers in these cultures using differential proteomic analysis.We have applied differential proteomics using 2D-PAGE coupled to MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS. We have compared benign pathologies (normal thyroid and Pendred’s syndrome) and different...

Introduction: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) has generally a good prognosis and is associated with prolonged survival. A minority of patients may have persistent disease and rarely aggravation during f/u. We investigated factors which may influence the persistence of disease in patients who had undergone ablation with I131.Patients and methods: 903 DTC patients were referred in our center from 1968 to 2012. Five hundred and forty-one (...

Introduction: RET mutation analysis has a critical importance for determining clinical approach to hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The current guidelines recommends to determine the timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy depending on the risk stratification, mainly decided by the type of the mutation.Methods: Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Turkey (SEMT) sponsored ret genetic screening between July 2008 and January 2012 in 513 pati...

Background: The accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in decisions for surgical management of lymph nodes in thyroid carcinoma (TC) was demonstrated in a few previous studies. SLNB was started in good selected cases of medullary TC (MTC) and it is a promising method. Its application to avoid prophylactic neck dissectionAim: To determine whether SLNB of first draining node/s in jugulo-carotid chain is accurate technique to select patients with tru...

Introduction: Follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC) are the second most common type of thyroid malignancy. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of small, noncoding RNAs whose expression is deregulated in many types of human cancers and may lend novel clues to FTC genesis. Pre-miR146a represents one of the most up-regulated miRNAs in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) and a SNP (rs2910164), identified in pre-miR146a, contributes to genetic predisposition to PTC, but data on FTC ar...

Introduction: About 50% of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) have persistent or recurrent disease after surgery.For a calcitonin (ct) value greater than 150 pg/ml, it is suggested by international guidelines performing additional imaging exams (AIE) for evaluating the presence of distant metastasis. It is often difficult to assess the presence of nodal disease and secondary liver lesions (often miliary) by ‘morphological’ imaging ...

Introduction: TURK-MEN study was carried out to evaluate the mutational analysis of so called sporadic MTC patients between 1994 and 2005. Our aim was to evaluate the ret genetic screening results, distribution of mutations among so called sporadic and hereditary MTC patients in Turkey between 2008 and 2012.Methods: Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Turkey (SEMT) sponsored ret genetic screening between July 2008 and January 2012 in 513 patients....

Introduction: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (sorafenib and sunitinib) have been used in treating refractory cases of thyroid cancer. The aim of our present study was to assess the efficacy of these agents in patients with refractory and progressive thyroid cancer, regarding patients’ quality of life, adverse events and response ratesPatients and methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of adult patients with differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer...

Introduction: The mechanism underlying the development of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), the second commonest thyroid tumor, is still unknown. An interesting hypothesis is that changes in the expression of multiple regulatory RNA (miR) genes may be a major mechanism in thyroid carcinogenesis. For example, several studies suggested that SNP rs2910164 in the pre-miR146a, a precursor of miR146a, might be correlated to papillary carcinoma. The aim of this study was the evalua...

Introduction: Work-up of thyroid nodules remains challenging. Thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) has been developed to improve patient management and cost-effectiveness by avoiding unnecessary fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in patients with thyroid nodules. However, since its publication in JCEM (2009) its clinical use is still very limited and its practicability in clinical practice is questioned. Realtime-elastography (RTE) enables the determination of ...

Introduction: Occurring sporadically or as part of a familial syndrome, medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is insidious in onset, aggressive in behavior and invariably a challenge to the clinician and surgeon.Objective: To define the relationship between biochemical parameters, disease progression, and treatment outcome in patients with MTC.Patient and methods: We studied 35 patients (11 men, 24 women) aged 50.9±14.8 years, adm...

Background: Patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma may have repeated recurrence. This study evaluated the prognostic value of postoperative thyroglobulin levels.Method: From 1998 to 2009, patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma were recruited by medical chart review. The pathology report, postoperative thyroglobulin levels, radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation and scan, and re-operation were abstracted.Results: A total of 453 pat...

Introduction: 131I therapy in patients with papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) ≤2 cm and without extrathyroidal extension (T1) depends on multifactorial analysis: age, multifocality, histological criteria, lymph node or systemic metastasis. The study purposes were analyze PTC-T1 and compare the groups treated only with surgery vs combined therapy (surgery and 131I).Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical files of PTC-T1 pa...

Introduction: Beside remnant ablation and treatment of known metastases, radioiodine treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer is suitable for the discovery of unknown or suspected metastatic disease. In this study, the clinical utility of SPECT/CT, a hybrid imaging method was evaluated after radioiodine therapy.Patients and methods: Between July 2007 and March 2012, 260 investigations were performed at 188 patients. Male:female ratio was 47:141. Every ...

Background: The ’three-genes’ (SFN, MRC2, HMGA2) might have direct role in various cancer progression and malignant thyroid conditions. We previously reported an increased expression of 1,25-D3 neutralizing enzyme, (24-hydroxylase – CYP24A1) as a possible novel marker gene in thyroid carcinoma. In this study, we examined the transcription activity of CYP24A1 and ‘three-genes’ in four functional subgroups of papillary thyroid tumor (PTC)....

Background: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignant tumor of the thyroid gland, accounting for 74–80% of all thyroid cancers. The T1799T>A transversion is an activating mutation of the BRAF oncogene that is common in conventional PTC and specific to it.Aims: To study the prevalence, tumorigenic role and biomolecular implications of rare BRAF variants in a large cohort of patients.Study desig...

Introduction: Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has an excellent prognosis. However, DTC frequently metastasizes to cervical lymph nodes (CLN). In case of suspicious ultrasonography findings, the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is usually required to confirm or exclude metastasis. The combination of FNA-cytology and thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements in the needle washout has been reported to increase the sensitivity of FNA in identifying lymph node metastases from DTC, particular...

Introduction: Our aim was to determine the comparable value of thyroglobulin in the washout of lymph node fine-needle aspirate (FNATg) and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB).Materials and methods: We included 29 patients (37 FNAB) with history of differentiated thyroid cancer who underwent total thyroidectomy and were found to have suspicious cervical lymph nodes during follow-up. The referred population was evaluated on what concerns to gender, age, s...

Introduction: Nodule diameter was considered to be related with thyroid cancer. Whether under ultrasound (US) guidance or not, FNAB has some limitations particularly in big nodules. In this study, we aimed to evaluate diagnostic value of US-FNAB in nodules bigger than 3 cm or more. We also compared ultrasonographical features of benign and malignant nodules.Material and methods: Data of 267 patients operated for nodulary goiter were screened retrospectiv...

Background: Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH)-stimulated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) (s-Tg) and (131)I whole-body scanning (WBS) are supposed to provide equal diagnostic information with thyroxine withdrawal (THW) at follow-up thyroid cancer patients without the symptoms of hypothyroidism. We aimed to compare the WBS and s-Tg levels after thyrogen injection and thyroid hormone withdrawal for tumor recurrence/persistance according to the risk groups.<p clas...

Thyroid cancers constitute 2% of all cancer cases most of which are differentiated. Tumor size, lymph node metastases and thyroglobulin levels (Tg) in the follow-up period are among the major factors responsible for recurrence. In this study, we aimed to review our series of differentiated thyroid cancers and establish the risks of recurrence.This study was carried out through a retrospective analysis of 393 differentiated thyroid cancer cases that were ...

Background: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common endocrine malignancy, is a tumor of indolent biological and clinical behaviour that usually has a good prognosis. Only a small percentage of patients are affected by aggressive variants of PTC: tall, columnar cell and diffuse sclerosing variants. These aggressive tumor subtypes are characterized by higher rate of local recurrence, regional and distant metastases than classic papillary PTC. Recently another clinical...

Objective: Recent papers reported that basal calcitonin (CT) level may be related to thyroid volume. This study aims to evaluate if this finding is confirmed in patients undergoing ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for thyroid nodules.Design: Retrospective university-center study.Methods: From February 2010 to September 2012, 561 patients underwent ultrasonography-guided FNAC and a complete evaluation in...

Introduction: Our objective for the current review was to inquire the thyroid cancer frequency rate within the patients who have had total thyroidectomy procedure for definitive Graves’ disease treatment and to evaluate the contribution of the presence of nodules to malignity rates.Materials and methods: The present study was conducted by scanning the data of 214 patients who were applied total thyroidectomy for permanent Graves disease treatment, r...

Cold nodules are one of the most common findings on scintigraphic examinations of the thyroid gland. About 5–10% of these nodules turn out to be histologically malignant. Our aim was to examine some somatogenetic alterations associated with thyroid cancer in FNA samples of the thyroid. These alterations included single nucleotide mutations (BRAF, HRAS, NRAS, KRAS) and genetic translocations (RET/PTC1, RET/PTC3, PAX8ex7/PPARgamma, PAX8ex9/PPARgamma). The SNPs were tested b...

Background: Previous studies have suggested that serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels at the time of 131I remnant ablation just after thyroidectomy, could be a prognostic tumor marker in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate if serum preablation Tg in the earliest postoperative period could be useful for predicting persistence or recurrence of disease.Methods: This study was a retrospective...

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a malignant tumour of follicular cell origin that is characterized by a broad diversity of histological variants. A genesis of multifocal PTC may be explained by both intrathyroid tumour dissemination and multiple focuses of tumour origination. A combination of two different focuses of PTC characterized by various molecular alterations of tumour cells in one thyroid could be rarely occurred. Follicular variant has similar clinical behaviour...

Introduction: Several clinical and molecular markers can be used to establish risk at the time of diagnosis in DTC. Thyroglobulin (Tg), which is essential in follow up, could be an early marker to identify risk patients. Around 25% of patients require 18 months or longer to have indetectable Tg. The presence of Tg antibodies (TgAb) invalidate the follow up of DTC via Tg and this is usually associated with a poor prognosis.Aim: To evaluate the role of Tg ...

Introduction and objectives: Multiple surgeries are associated with many complications in the local recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Our objective is to evaluate the efficiency of the enolization in the recurrent metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with limited nodal disease.Material and methods: We studied 13 patients (six males and seven females) with a mean age of 43±14.4 years with papillary thyroid carcinoma intervened (total ...

Introduction: FNA (fine needle aspiration) is a highly sensitive and specific procedure in evaluating of thyroid nodules. There are several options for processing the FNA specimen such as direct smears, cell block preparations (CBP) and liquid base preparations (LBP); the latter has become more popular due to its easy transport, fast protocol and also the possibility to study different parts of the specimen. In this study, we compare the results of cell block and liquid base p...

Introduction: The correct 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) level plays a key role in the proper supply of vitamin D for the organism. Vitamin D deficiency may lead to an increased risk of development of various neoplasms, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).Aim: Evaluation of the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with PTC and analysis of the relation between 25(OH)D levels and age, sex, place of living, severity of the disease, and pre...

Introduction: Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is responsible for 0.6–5% of all cases of thyroid cancer and less than 2% of all extranodal lymphomas. PTL is more common in elderly women and are commonly of B-cell origin. Current treatment regimens for PLC consist of chemotherapy and external beam radiation. Surgery plays an important role, including the control of symptoms in large obstructive lymphomas.Aims and methods: Retrospective data review of p...

Introduction: The incidence rate of papillary thyroid microcarsinoma (PTMC) has almost doubled during the recent years but treatment and follow up is still a matter of debate. In this study we aimed to analyze clinical and histopathological risk factors at the time of diagnosis and to observe their implications for treatment, follow up and prognosis.Patients and methods: Two hundred forty-eight PTMC patients were included in this study. The age, sex, the...

Background: Macrofollicular variant (MV) is a rarely seen variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We herein present clinical characteristics of four patients carrying this variant of PTC. Case 1: 62-year-old female patient underwent total thyroidectomy (TT) due to euthyroid multinodular goiter (MNG) with a cytology of ‘indeterminate nodule’. The pathology revealed ‘papillary thyroid microcarcinoma MV with a diameter of 8×6 mm, without capsule or lymph...

Introduction: The presence of undetectable serum levels of stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) with negative imaging tests is the criterion used to define remission in low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Most guidelines recommend 131-I ablation after thyroidectomy to remove any possible residual thyroid tissue. Our aim was to know how often undetectable Tg levels are achieved before ablation to avoid unnecessary radiation treatments.Patients and meth...

Angiosarcoma of the thyroid is a rare and aggressive primary malignant tumor of the thyroid: it rarely occurs in that organ and most of these occur mainly in patients from the mountainous Alpine regions. We report a case of 68-year-old female who presented at our hospital with a rapidly enlarging neck mass associated with compressive symptoms. On clinical examination, the thyroid gland appeared firm during the acts of deglutition. The results of thyroid function tests were for...

Introduction: Thyroid lesions with indeterminate cytology represent about 15% of all thyroid biopsies with the risk of malignancy 15–30%. So the identification of low-risk patients in this group is very important.Few studies evaluated thyroid Tc-99m MIBI [MIBI] scan as a tool for work-up of indeterminate cytology thyroid lesions. The negative predictive value of this test in excluding malignancy appears to be high (95%). But it is not used routinely...

Introduction: Recently, small medullary thyroid carcinomas (sMTCs) (≤1.5 cm) are frequently diagnosed, occasionally as incidental findings in surgical and autopsy specimens. Their clinical course varies. We examined whether tumor size is a predictor of clinical behavior.Patients and methods: One hundred and one sMTC patients (36.6% males, 47.1% familial) followed-up for 0.9–35 years. Patients were classified according to tumor size (cm) in gro...

Introduction: A thyroid ultrasound scan is recommended in the assessment of any suspected thyroid nodule. The ultrasound characteristics of nodules have been shown to be useful in assessing their malignant potential. The aim of this study is to determine diagnostic validity of thyroid ultrasound in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodule.Material and Methods: It was cross-sectional study, conducted at XXXX Hospital from August 2011 to July 20...

Background: The most common type of thyroid cancer is the well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and that includes papillary (PTC) and follicular carcinoma (FTC). The PTC would represent 50–90% and the FTC over 15–30%. Within the PTC, the most frequent is the classical variant (over 80%), followed by follicular variant (10%) and the rest of variants (<10%). Furthermore, there are differences between PTC and FTC in age at diagnosis, local extension, multicent...

Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare form of thyroid cancer, making up about 3–5% of all cases. It is characterized by the synthesis and secretion of calcitonin (Ct). Measurement of Ct has low specificity but is a highly sensitive method for the detection of MTC. MTC with normal or only slightly elevated Ct is a rare occurrence and there are few such reports in the literature.Case report: A 61-year-old male patient was referred ...

Introduction: The association between medullary (MTC) and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC, with the most frequent form of papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC) is rare and can be observed in two main settings: a collision tumor (that is, a tumor with two separate and different components) or a mixed tumor showing dual differentiation.Case report: A 58-year-old woman, affected by euthyroid multinodular goiter came to our observation for a second opinion re...

Introduction: BRAF (V600E) mutation is the most frequent detected genetic change in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and its presence has been related to aggressive clinical and pathological features. Lymph node metastases (LNMx) are common in PTC and are associated with an increase in loco-regional recurrence. However, prophylactic lymph node dissection is not routinely performed because of high rate of surgery complications. Therefore, there is a need to find a good marker to ...

Thyroid carcinoma is a rare extraintestinal manifestation of colonic familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). This syndrome is caused by germline mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, on chromosome 5q21-q22. Many patients manifest various extracolonic features: upper gastrointestinal adenomas, congenital hypertrophic retinal pigment epithelial lesions, desmoids tumors, and thyroid, adrenal and brain cancers. It has been reported an incidence of 1.2% of thyroid carci...

The incidence of thyroid papillary carcinoma in thyroglossal duct cyst is <1%. Regional lymph node metastasis is usually seen in cases who have intrathyroidal tumor. We report a case of thyroid papillary carcinoma arising from thyroglossal duct cyst with lateral lymph node metastasis who have a normal thyroid gland and benign central compartment lymph nodes.Case report: A 38-year-old male patient was admitted with the complaint of swelling in the nec...

Introduction: It is now well demonstrated that thyroid disorders are more frequent in acromegaly than in normal population. Our aim is to analyze thyroid cancer frequency in a cohort of Algerian subjects with acromegaly.Material and methods: It is a retro and prospective study where 77 hyper somatotropic subjects were enrolled (34F and 43M) mean age=39ans (12–58). Mean GH rate=59 ng/ml (7–597, n<5). All had clinical examination, ro...

Background: In patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels are monitored in order to detect disease recurrence. However, these patients may show anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) in serum, which may influence the quantitation of Tg level and thus the confirmation of disease recurrence. The aim of this retrospective study was to show clinical outcome and the diagnostic strategy of recurrent or persistent PTC patients with high serum TgAb tit...

We report two rare cases of well differentiated thyroid-type carcinoma arising from struma ovarii managed in our institution.Case 1: A 41-year-old female admitted due to abdominal pain and vomiting. Her abdomen was globular with palpable vague mass on lower abdomen. Ultrasound scan revealed 12.5×12.1×8.3 cm heterogenous mass with ascites. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salphingo-oophorectomy was done and histopathology results reve...

Case of 33 years old male patient with an unremarkable past medical history, who after a car accident, a cystic nodular right neck mass was incidentally found by MRI of cervical spine. Physical examination revealed a mildly tender right neck mass. He was clinically and biochemically euthyroid. Denied history of neck irradiation. No family history of thyroid disease or thyroid cancer. Excisional biopsy of right neck mass showed metastasic well differentiated papillary carcinoma...

Introduction: The coexistence of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer is considered a rare event. We describe a case of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid that mimicked a diffuse toxic goiter.Case report: A 26-year-old female patient presented with a complaint of malaise was diagnosed to have thyrotoxicosis and following the tests performed (sT3: 7.7 (1.7–3.7 ng/dl), sT4: 2.5 (0.7–1.49 ng/dl) TSH: <0.0025 (0.35–4.94...

Introduction: Papillary thyroid carcinoma is characterized by a good prognosis and a slow progression. Its metastases are usually located in cervical lymph nodes. But, sometimes they can reach the lung and bones. Cerebral metastases are exceptional as they have been reported in only 4%. Single or multiple, they can be totally symptomatic, but they are life threatening and require specific care as in the following caseCase report: A man aged 56, was refer...

Introduction: Metastases of thyroid carcinoma to the choroid and/or orbit are rare and usually occur at an advanced stage of the disease. The principal symptoms are decreased or blurred vision and/or persistent eye pain but they can be totally asymptomatic. They are diagnosed by ultrasound ocular CT and/or MRI scanning. The diagnosis is certain if they fix radioactive iodine. Their prognosis is very bad. Enucleation is the treatment of choice in cases of visual impairment. We ...

Introduction: Thyroglobulin (TG) measurement in fine needle aspirates cytology (FNAC) needle washout has become an important method for diagnostic of cervical lymph nodes, particularly in patients with differentiated thyroid cancers, but also in some patients before the diagnostic. We report some clinical cases to confirm its importance in these situations.Patients and methods: In our department we use this method since 2007. We report seven patients wit...

Introduction: Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma are considered as a link between well differentiated carcinoma and undifferentiated ones. The histological definition is still controversial and various criteria have been proposed.Objective: The main objective of this study is to assess the management of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer in our department.Materials and methods: We reported 30 patients with poorly differentia...

Introduction: Adrenal metastases due to thyroid cancers deemed to very rare as adrenal glands are not a common site of metastases from thyroid cancer. When the phenomenon occurs the prognosis is very poor as adrenal metastases usually do not fix radioactive iodine. Our aim is to report three cases.Case reports: No. 1: a woman aged 57 harbouring anaplastic thyroid cancer classified T4, N1, M0, consulted for back pain, severe fatigue and skin pigmentation....

Introduction: Malignant toxic thyroid nodules are rare, with few cases described in the literature. The prevalence of malignancy in toxic adenomas varies between 1 and 8% in different series (most, corresponding to <2.5%). For that reason, international guidelines recommend that they should not be submitted to fine needle aspiration biopsy.Case report: A 42-year-old female patient without relevant previous medical history was admitted to our hospital...

Introduction: Thyroid ultrasound is a widely used tool in monitoring thyroid nodule, allowing us to assess the size and other sonographic signs suspicious of malignancy, facilitating decisions about diagnosis and treatment.Objectives: To evaluate the presence of ultrasonographic signs suggestive of malignancy in patients with thyroid carcinoma in our hospital.Material and methods: Retrospective study of 63 patients with thyroid car...