Endocrine Abstracts

Background: Subacute thyroiditis is considered a rare form of inflammatory thyroid disease, triggered by a viral infection. The prevalence is higher in women and in the middle-aged groups. The rate of subacute thyroiditis recurrence is between 1.4% and 20%, with wide discrepancies between different studies; the relapse may occur soon after de treatment or even years after, and recent studies show an HLA-dependence.Methods: We present a case report of rec...

Background: Nodular goiter (NOD) is one of the most common disease, which does not always need surgery. Long-term outcomes and relation with thyroid hormones, however, are not clear. We analyzed in Japanese patients who take iodine enriched food.Patients and methods: 3, 781 patients with NOD (solid type 37%, cystic 16%; 2007-2022); mean age, 57 (female, 80%) and 66 (man, 20%) entered in this study. Observation period was 5.1 years (mean; 1-21 years). Sin...

We present the case of a 41-year-old man with a history of testicular seminoma treated with surgery and chemotherapy, and post-chemotherapy chronic kidney disease. He was initially referred to Otolaryngology for a 1-month history of neck mass sensation, with associated dysphonia, dysphagia and dyspnea. On examination, thyroid gland was enlarged. Fibroscopy was performed in consultation, revealing paralysis of the left vocal cord. The patient was referred to Endocrinology and S...

Background: heterophilic antibodies are antibodies in patients’ sample that can cause false results by binding to the assay antibodies. Interference due to heterophilic antibodies may lead to falsely low or high analytic concentrations. In some settings, the relationship between TSH and thyroid hormones does not fit with the expected feedback mechanisms. This may be due to a pathophysiological process, laboratory error or assay interference.Case rep...

Introduction: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) represents a common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease, however 2-7.5% of primary hypothyroid patients can experience a form of TAO as well. This condition is a rare autoimmune disease, where auto-antibodies (anti-TSH receptor antibodies or TRAb) target antigens shared by the thyroid and the orbit. This results in the inflammation, swelling and bulging of the eyes and surrounding orbital tissues. There are...

Introduction: Follicular thyroid carcinoma typically spreads through the hematogenous route, causing distant metastases, with bone and lung being the most frequent sites, while metastases to the liver and skin are less common. We report a case of reassessing the diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma due to the identification of flesh-colored skin nodules, later confirmed as cutaneous metastases.Case presentation: An otherwise healthy 60-year-old man ...

Introduction: Thyroidectomy in the pediatric population is a seldom-performed surgical procedure, primarily associated with thyroid neoplasms. However, certain benign thyroid gland conditions, such as Graves’ disease, toxic adenomas, congenital hyperthyroidism, and goiter, also necessitate surgical intervention in children. Performing such surgeries in pediatric patients poses significant challenges for surgeons. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological and clin...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa mannose-sensitive-hemagglutinin (PA-MSHA) is a bacteria-mediated cancer therapy showing promise in inhibiting cancer growth by impeding tumor cells and inducing natural cell death. Clinical studies indicate its ability to enhance chemotherapy efficacy and stimulate the immune system against cancer, presenting manageable side effects such as fever and skin irritation. Nevertheless, the safety profile of PA-MSHA requires further exploration, emphasizing th...

Background: Thyroid storm (TS) is a rare, acute, severe, and potentially fatal complication of untreated or poorly managed hyperthyroidism. In such cases, there is multisystem involvement and an 8-25% risk of mortality; hence, early identification and prompt initiation of vigorous treatment is crucial to reduce mortality. Beta adrenergic receptors blockers (BBs) are commonly used early in the treatment of TS, however the risk of inducing circulatory failure (BBIS) remains a ma...

Introduction: Non-invasive follicular neoplasm with nuclear features of papillary carcinoma ‘NIFTP’, formerly encapsulated non-invasive follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, has been removed from the carcinoma category due to its indolent nature and good prognosis. This change impacts clinical and therapeutic care.Objective of the work: To identify preoperative ultrasound and cytological differences between NIFTP and papillary carcinoma (P...

Introduction: The malignant degeneration of thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) is a very rare phenomenon. It occurs 1% of operated cysts. The incidence appears to be greatest in patients in the fifth decade with a slight preponderance in women. Papillary carcinoma represents the most common histologic type. In this study, we report 3 cases of a papillary carcinoma of thyroid occurring in a TDC in adult population in order to present diagnosis and therapeutic aspects of degenerated t...

Introduction: Familial Non-Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (FNMTC) is defined as the occurrence of thyroid cancer in two or more first-degree relatives, in the absence of predisposing environmental factors.Objective of The Study: Describe the epidemiological, clinical features and its evolutionary profile.Materials and Methods: A retrospective study including 3 families (10 patients) with FNMTC, collected at the endocrinology and diabe...

Introduction: Cystic cervical metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma are rare. They precise incidence remains unknown. They can be indicative of a particularly papillary thyroid cancer. However, there is no negative prognostic character compared to non-cystic lymphadenopathy of thyroid carcinoma of the same histopathological type. We aim through this series of cases to discuss diagnostic and therapeutic features of cystic metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma.<p cla...

Introduction: Locally extended thyroid cancer is a rare situation that lead to management discussion. Therapeutic strategy depend on the histological type of the cancer and the extension limits. We through this study to discuss therapeutic strategy and relate the evolution features of such cancers.Materiel and Methods: We performed a retrospective descriptive study collecting all locally extended thyroid cancer managed in our department over a period of ...

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of granulomas. It most often involves the lungs, although there are evidences that it can be presented in any organ. Involvement of the thyroid gland is a very rare manifestation, defined as below 1% of cases. Thyroid cancer, on the other hand, is a cancer occurring with a frequency of approximately 1-1, 3% of all cancers, but with an increased incidence associated with growing di...

Introduction: MUTYH (MutY homolog Escherichia coli, homolog of MYH, hMYH) is a repair enzyme with a crucial role in the correction of DNA errors, being considered a protective factor of the cell. MUTYH mutations have been linked to MUTYH-associated polyposis syndrome (MAP), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by multiple colorectal adenomas. Patients with MAP show a much higher lifetime risk of gastrointestinal cancers as an additional role of MUTYH, it appears to co...

Introduction: Pregnancy induces significant hormonal alterations, potentially affecting thyroid hormones. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Mellitus (GDM).Methods: A descriptive study was conducted, including 197 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM, under the care and monitoring at the Diabetology, Endocrinology department in Farhat Hached university Hospital, Sousse Tunisi...

Introduction: Thyroid abscess in the pediatric population is an uncommon presentation and the rarest form of thyroiditis. Anomalies of the third and fourth branches account for 2-8% of cases. Through the observation of febrile torticollis secondary to an acute suppurative thyroiditis, we describe our diagnostic and etiological approach and specify its therapeutic management.Materials and Methods: We present a rare case of an abscessed thyroiditis complic...

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disease among the elderly. The thyroid hormones have a wide range of effects on the body, and hypothyroidism can significantly impact both physical and mental functions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the quality of life in patients over 65 years old with substituted hypothyroidism and to assess their relationship with Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) level.Methods: The study was a cro...

Introduction: Pazopanib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and could improve progression-free survival and overall survival. The frequency of Pazopanib-induced hypothyroidism was reported to be 10–29%. We aim through this case to highlight the importance of thyroid function monitoring during treatment with TKI.Case report: Female patiente of 41 years old, followed in oncology departeme...

Resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTH?) is a rare disorder which poses challenges in both diagnostics and management. The prevalence varies from 1/19,000 to 1/40,000. In 14% of individuals manifesting with RTH? phenotype no THRB mutations were identified. The management of these patients, especially after total thyroidectomy, in the absence of generalized consensus is complicated. 36-year-old woman was referred to endocrinologist with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis and dissonant...

Introduction: Pregnancy has a significant effect on the thyroid gland and thyroid function. Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism, growth, and development in most tissues of the body, including various physiological processes. Normal thyroid function is important in order to ensure the best outcome.Aim: The aim of this study is to analyse values of thyroid parameters during pregnancy in healthy population of pregnant woman.Matherial...

Euthyroid sick syndrome also known as nonthyroidal illness syndrome is the reaction of the thyroid gland to severe disease. The SARS-CoV-2 virus affects the thyroid gland and may cause subacute thyroiditis, autoimmune Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, exacerbation of Graves’ disease and a form of silent thyroiditis. The aim was to study thyroid hormone levels and identify the presence of euthyroid sick syndrome in the context of severe SARS-CoV-2 disease...

Introduction: Hyperthyroidism is the excessive secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland. Synthetic antithyroid agents, surgery and radioactive iodine are the main available treatments. Plasmapheresis is a rapid and effective treatment option in cases where euthyroidism must be achieved rapidly because of the complications of thyrotoxicosis and the major adverse effects of antithyroid drugs.Patients and methods: We report a series of 6 patients who unde...

Background: Follicular differentiated thyroid cancer (FDTC) is the most common endocrine cancer, globally. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in thyroid cancer allows for high-throughput genetic sequencing with quick turnover. NGS Studies on papillary thyroid cancer are scanty from South East Asia. In this context, we conducted this study of a genetic panel wide somatic mutations in thyroid cancer.Methods: We selected 21 FDTC cases. All of them underwent t...

Background: While needle tract seeding has long been recognized as an uncommon complication of the fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid nodules, seeding tumor metastasis resulted from subcutaneous hematoma following FNA is extremely rare. Herein, we present a challenging case of skin metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma as a late complication of subcutaneous hematoma associated with fine needle aspiration.Clinical case: A 57-year-old male pre...

The relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and Atherosclerotic (At) cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been one of the most popular and discussing topics, because the existence of a causal relationship between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), the lipid profile, and the molecular biology of the follicular epithelium has not been conclusively established. We investigated 59 patients (female), which had undergone total thyroidectomy, lobectomy. Patients were divide...

Background: Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for advanced malignancies has been associated with developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs) severe enough to require the cessation of life-saving tumor immunotherapy.Objectives: The present study aimed to identify predictive inflammatory markers of the development of immune-related thyroid dysfunctions in patients with cervical cancer (CC) and non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) t...

Background: Haematological side effects of Carbimazole such as aplastic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and agranulocytosis are widely reported. However, Carbimazole induced haemolytic anaemia is rare. Proplythiouracil is known to cause leucopenia, agranulocytosis, bone marrow hypoplasia and pancytopenia. Nevertheless, Propylthiouracil associated haemolytic anemia is rarely reported. In such situations, the options for managing Hyperthyroidism are limited, especially in frail elderl...

Introduction: The hydatid cyst location in the thyroid gland is very rarely mentioned with an incidence varying between 0% and 3.4%due to the absence of specific clinical elements and the exceptional nature of this location. The aim of our work to study the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of hydatid cyst of the thyroid gland. We report five cases of hydatid cyst of thyroid gland carried out in our ENT department.Results: The average age...

Introduction: Gynecomastia is a benign excessive proliferation of glandular tissue in the male breast and results from an increased breast estrogen/androgen activity ratio. It may be physiological (infancy, puberty or aging) or pathological. The most common cause is drug-induced. Although hyperthyroidism is a rare cause(1.5%), gynecomastia occurs in up to 25-40% of males with Graves’ disease and is often undiagnosed. Its development as the first manifestation of this thyr...

Introduction: Refractory hypothyroidism is defined by clinical or biochemical signs of hypothyroidism (serum TSH level >4.5 mU/l after an interval of six weeks after the last dose increase), despite increasing levothyroxine (LVT) doses beyond 2.5 μg/kg per day.Observation: A 67-year-old female patient, followed for a 1 mm NIFT-P classified as pT1a, low risk, initially put on LVT 150 mg/day, presented with hypothyroidism, clinically with asthenia...

Background: levothyroxine is the most common medication for the treatment of hypothyroidism. Usually, it is capable of restoring euthyroidism in most conditions. Absorption can be challenging, therefore different formulations are available (tablet, soft gel, liquid). Rarely it is necessary to use liothyronine to achieve normal TSH values.Clinical case: a 23 y/o woman was admitted to our outpatient clinic for severe hypothyroidism. She was diagnosed with ...

Hydatidiform moles are categorized as either complete or partial and can only be confirmed by karyotyping. Complete moles are more frequently associated with medical complications such as hyperthyroidism. A 46-year-old Filipino female presented with tachycardia, hypertension, b-hCG > 10,000 mIU/ml, suppressed TSH 0.006 mIU/l, high FT3 19.04 pg/ml (NV: 2.02 - 4.43) and FT4 7.77 ng/dL (NV: 0.93 - 1.71). Uterus was enlarged with contractions. Antihypertensives and Propylthiouraci...

Introduction: Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) or thyroid enolisation is a minimally invasive technique applicable to benign cystic thyroid nodules, not adhered to neighbouring structures, due to local compressive symptoms or aesthetic discomfort. Classically, the treatment of choice for these nodules has been simple aspiration, followed by surgery in refractory cases. Currently, PEI has emerged as an alternative to surgery due to its high efficacy, speed, safety, low rate...

Introduction: Thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy is a rare but potentially fatal form of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by hyperthyroidism not timely diagnosed or inadequately treated. The first-line treatment is a treatment of the underlying thyroid disease as the structural and functional cardiac alterations are potentially reversible after achieving a euthyroid state.Case presentation: A 41-year-old man was admitted to hospital due to the symptoms of heart fail...

Introduction: The thyroglossal duct is an embryonic structure, lined predominantly by respiratory and squamous epithelium and typically involutes by the 10th week of gestation. If the thyroglossal duct does not involute, it can form cysts due to recurrent inflammation or infection, as it is lined by epithelium that is secretory in nature, with or without the presence of ectopic thyroid tissue. Thyroid tissue is present in the wall of the cyst/duct in 30-60% of cases.<p cla...

Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is a thyroid-specific autoimmune disorder, and the most common cause of hypothyroidism in a population with an adequate dietary intake. Despite the current conventional treatment focused on the permanent replacement of levothyroxine (LT4) deficiency, it appears that thyroid autoimmunity remains the cause of persistent symptoms in patients with HT, even when they achieve to be in biochemically euthyroid state. Photobiomodulation (PBM) showed to be an ...

Introduction: Thyroid storm (TS) is a severe manifestation of thyrotoxicosis, (1). It is most commonly seen in Graves’ disease and can occur due to a non-compliance to anti-thyroid medications Management includes both addressing end organ damage and attaining a euthyroid state. We report the case of a patient who presented a thyroid storm complicating a grave’s disease and unmasking, during its management, a corticotropic insufficiency.Clinical...

Background: Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is one of the extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease (GD), an autoimmune condition characterised by increased antibodies against TSH receptors (TRAb). The prevalence of GO among patients with GD is up to 40%. Moderate-to-severe, sight-threatening and sometimes even mild GO have significant negative impact on patient’s quality of life (QoL). Various clinical presentations of GD itself, evaluation and timely managemen...

Introduction: Smoking is a major public health problem with a role as an endocrine disruptor, particularly on the thyroid. The aim of our study is to assess the effects of tobacco on the thyroid.Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review from 1984 to 2022. The keywords used for the search included "Tobacco, " "Thyroid, " "Goiter, " "Thyroid nodule, " "Hypothyroidism, " "Hyperthyroidism, " "Thy...

Introduction: Dyshormonogenetic goiter is a rare entity that affects 1 in 30, 000 to 50, 000 live births, and it is the second most common cause (10% to 15%) of permanent congenital hypothyroidism. It is morphologically characterized by architectural and cellular pleomorphism that may mimic thyroid malignancy and cause difficulties in differential diagnosis.Material and Methods: We present five cases of dyshormonogenetic goiter gathered at our service.</...

Introduction: Graves’ disease (GD) is unique among autoimmune endocrinopathies because the underlying immune disorder results in thyroid stimulation rather than functional or structural inhibition of the gland. However, thyrotropin-receptor antibodies (TRAbs), a specific and sensitive immunological marker for GD, are heterogeneous both in terms of their molecular structure and their biological activity. Stimulating TRAbs (TSIs) activate the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor. Blo...

Background: TIRADS scoring is used to assess the thyroid nodules using USG, commonest used is ACR-TIRADS; another is K-TIRADS scoring. Nodule stiffness is assessed by elastography strain Rago scoring & FNA nodule gives lower (benign) or higher Bethesda (possible malignant) category report. The combined use of TIRADS & Rago scorings with Bethesda as final output can assess whether addition of elastography improves the correlation between thyroid nodule TIRADS scoring an...

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes into the thyroid gland, resulting in the subsequent production of antibodies directed against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. This pathology is the primary etiology of hypothyroidism in developing countries. Recently, researchers have focused on studying the inflammatory potential of gluten, not only in the intestinal context, where it can act as a trigger for dysbios...

Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is a rare disorder, representing merely 1-5% of all thyroid malignancies, 1-2% of extranodal lymphomas and 3% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. It affects mainly women. PTL incidence is low in individuals younger than 40 years old. The most common clinical presentation of PTL is a palpable mass in the neck. It may be accompanied by other symptoms: dysphagia, dyspnea, and hoarseness. Diffuse B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), is the most common pathological ...

Introduction: The occurrence of pregnancy in patients with hypothyroidism is a common event. Thyroxine requirements increase in nearly 80% of pregnant women. Educating young patients with hypothyroidism about the adaptation of treatment and the need for close biological monitoring helps prevent complications of maternal hypothyroidism in the fetus.Objective: The objective of our study was to assess the knowledge of patients about the management of levoth...

Background: Hyperthyroidism often presents with aberrant liver function. The differential diagnosis of this presentation includes thyrotoxicosis-associated liver dysfunction or antithyroid drug-induced liver dysfunction. We present a case where Propylthiouracil treatment resulted in acute liver failure. Case Presentation: A female patient diagnosed with Grave’s disease in August 2023 initially received carbimazole but discontinued this due to vomiting. S...

Background: Psychological distress is elevated during pandemics such as the COVID-19 outbreak. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), are a particularly vulnerable risk group. However, data of the impact of other endocrinopathies on psychological status of patients during pandemics are lacking so far.Aim: To compare psychological distress about COVID-19 pandemic, between endocrine patients with a variety of endocrinopathies and patients with non-endocrine...

Background: Clinically severe or recurrent subacute thyroiditis (SAT) frequently requires treatment with high cumulative doses of systemic steroids. Such therapy is associated with high risk of steroid-related complications. The DLISAT study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intrathyroidal dexamethasone and lidocaine injections (DLI) in specific patient cohorts compared to standard oral steroid therapy. This report presents preliminary results after the initial six m...

Background: Graves’ disease (GD) is a predominantly female autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by a diffuse goiter and biological hyperthyroidism. The optimal treatment of GD is still controversial. Surgery is one treatment option along with radioactive iodine (RAI) and antithyroid medication (ATM). The aim of the study is to review our experience in the surgical management in Graves’ disease.Patients and Methods: This...

Introduction: Pregnancy is a challenging time to maintain proper thyroid function in mothers and to provide sufficient thyroid hormones to the developing fetus. Micronutrient deficiencies are very frequent during gestation. So far only a few microelements are recommended as a routine supplementation and there is a gap in understanding the mutual relationship between multiple trace elements. The study aimed to verify the micronutrient status concerning thyroid parameters in the...

Context: Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is a debilitating condition that affects 30% patients with Graves’ disease (GD). It is the most common extra-thyroidal manifestation of GD, but only 3-5% of GO cases are sight – threatening.Objective: To compare the thyroid and lipid profile of GD patients who developed GO vs those without GO. The second objective is to analyze the prevalence of smoking status and insufficient 25 (OH) vitamin D levels.<...

Introduction: Primary hypothyroidism affects about 3% of the general population in Europe. In most cases, people are treated with Levothyroxine. In relation to the recent British Thyroid Association guidance and the 2020 Competitions and Marketing Authority (CMA) ruling, we examined prescribing data for levothyroxine, NDT and liothyronine by dose, regarding changes from 2016 to 2022.Design: Monthly primary care prescribing data for each British National ...

Introduction: Malabsorption of levothyroxine is an important clinical problem. Changes in gastric pH due to various medical conditions might cause challenges in maintaning normal TSH values.Case: A forty-nine years old female who has been followed up with a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism for 12 years admitted to our outpatient clinic with a complaint of unachievement of euthyroidism despite increasing the levothyroxine dose up to 200 mg. He did not ...

Introduction: Graves’ disease is a frequent endocrine disorder, often treated as first-line therapy with antithyroid drugs. Herin, we report two female patients with Methimazole allergy while detailing its management.Case Reports: TWO female patients aged respectively 27 and 28 years old were diagnosed with Graves’ disease (GD), diagnosed given the association of peripheral hyperthyroidism and elevated anti TSH receptor antibodies. The first de...

Purpose: To describe pre- to post-treatment changes in clinical activity score (CAS) in patients with Graves orbitopathy treated with tocilizumab (TCZ).Introduction: Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disorder that affects 30-50% of patients with Graves’ disease. The first-line treatment of moderate to severe GO according to EUGOGO is intravenous glucocorticoids, but 20-30% of the cases appear to be corticosteroid refractory. Steroid-...

Introduction: Physiological changes during pregnancy expose pregnant women to an increased risk of thyroid disorders or decompensation of underlying thyroid conditions, which can impact the quality of life of patients.Objective: To assess the quality of life of Moroccan pregnant women with thyroid disorders.Materials and Methods: A case-control study conducted at the Endocrinology-Diabetology Department of Ibn Rochd University Hosp...

Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic neuromuscular condition characterized by weakness in voluntary muscles. It is an autoimmune disorder. The emergence of the condition can be abrupt. As with any autoimmune disease (AID), it may be associated with other AIDs. We report a case of MG associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT).Observation: The diagnosis of MG was established in a 58-year-old patient, based on the progressive onset of fa...

Background and Aims: Thyroid hormone can accelerate glucocorticoid turnover and there have been cases of adrenocortical insufficiency reported after radioactive iodine treatment. However, the patient presented here did not have any such precipitant nor any underlying adrenal disease, and her adrenal insufficiency resolved after treatment of thyrotoxicosis.Methods: A case of a 45-year-old lady with Graves’ disease is presented, who developed hypoadre...

Background: Appropriate management of thyroid diseases is crucial, as outcomes directly affect quality-of-life. High-volume thyroid surgeons provide best results, least complications. We aim to assess if a dedicated endocrine-surgery unit influences treatment-decisions(TD) of patients in an endocrine-surgeon naïve area.Method: Study of 153-patients at Maax Superspecialty Hospitals(Shivamogga, India), from November/2021-October/2023. Previously diagn...

Introduction: MUTYH (MutY homolog Escherichia coli, homolog of MYH, hMYH) is a repair enzyme with a crucial role in the correction of DNA errors, being considered a protective factor of the cell. MUTYH mutations have been linked to MUTYH-associated polyposis syndrome (MAP), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by multiple colorectal adenomas. Patients with MAP show a much higher lifetime risk of gastrointestinal cancers as an additional role of MUTYH, it appears to co...

Introduction: Hot nodules represent 10% of thyroid nodules. They are defined by scintigraphic examination, which shows areas fixing the radiotracer more intensely than the rest of the gland. The aim of our work is to study the clinical, paraclinical aspects and therapeutic modalities of hot thyroid nodules.Materials and methods: We report a retrospective study about 45 observations of hot thyroid nodules collected at our department...

Background: Iodine Deficiency (ID) represent a significant public health problem globally, particularly among pregnant women.Aim: To estimate the prevalence and predictors of ID among pregnant women residing in Durres AlbaniaMethods: A survey cross-sectional study conducted on 162 pregnant women, from May to June 2021. Demographic information, iodized salt usage, and other clinical information were collected using a questionnaire c...

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism is rare and is screened for in the Philippines during the newborn period in order to prevent a treatable cognitive delay. Myxedema coma is a complication due to severe hypothyroidism resulting from failure of homeostatic processes, causing altered mental status, edema, and vital sign abnormalities. It is a rare, life-threatening complication of hypothyroidism, an estimated 0.22 per million new cases of myxedema coma are diagnosed each year...

Introduction: Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are commonly encountered medical disorders that can be associated with neurologic and neuromuscular dysfunction. Muscle involvement is a common manifestation of both clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism, although this may not always be clinically appreciated. Hypothyroid associated myopathy can cause weakness, cramps, aching and painful muscles, sluggish movements and Severe myopathy secondary to hypothyroidism leading to Rha...

Introduction: Levothyroxine, the standard therapy for hypothyroidism, is usually well tolerated and very few cases of true allergy to levothyroxine have been reported to date. Here we report two cases of rare occurrence of levothyroxine allergy.Case 1: A 56-year-old woman with no previous history of allergies started levothyroxine post-thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease. She developed facial flushing and urticarial rash within 15 minutes of the first...

Background: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune condition where the immune system targets and destroys platelets, resulting in reduced platelet levels. The manifestations of ITP range from cases with no apparent symptoms to severe, spontaneous bleeding that can be life-threatening. ITP is differentiated into primary or secondary categories depending on its correlation with other diseases or exposure to drugs. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition w...

This article discusses the role of gene polymorphisms in the development and clinical progression of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) based on our research. By considering the genotypic polymorphism of the studied genes, we aim to develop new effective methods for prognosis, treatment, and prevention in AIT.Introduction: Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is a significant endocrine problem characterized by autoaggressive lymphoid and plasmacytic infiltration leadi...

Introduction: As our population ages, more people are diagnosed with thyroid nodules (TN). The prevalence of TN varies by country. In this study, we would like to present the evaluation of benign thyroid nodules in Lithuania in 2018 – 2022.Material and methods: The medical history of 719 patients treated for thyroid nodules (TN) in the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics Endocrinology and Surgery departments from 2018...

Introduction: Autoimmune diseases have a high prevalence in the general population, and AITD is one of the most common representatives. Although IgE is the main regulator of allergic reactions, there is evidence to suggest a link between AITD and allergic diseases, demonstrated by the example of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU).Aims: For this research, we have set the following goals: to determine whether there is an association between the serum leve...

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death ligand 1, and its ligand (PD-1/PD-L1) have become the current standard of care for many cancers. The mechanism of action of these drugs results in some new types of adverse events related to the immune system, most frequently involving the pituitary and thyroid glands.Case report: We present a case of mixed hypothyroidism (prim...

Introduction: Thyroid storm, a life-threatening manifestation of hyperthyroidism, presents a complex clinical challenge that demands swift and precise intervention. The heart is one of the most important target organs affected by the thyrotoxic state. Thyrotoxicosis may lead to sinus tachycardia, hypertension, tachycardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and heart failure.Case Presentation: A 46-year-old female presented to the emergency department with symp...

Introduction: COVID-19 is a viral infection that can affect various endocrine tissues, including the thyroid. In some patients, symptoms may persist after the infection, defined as Long COVID. Given the similarity of some of these symptoms to those encountered in thyroid disorders, we have decided to assess thyroid function in patients previously infected with SARS-CoV-2.Patients & Methods: This was a prospective study conducted from January to Decem...

Introduction: Distant metastases of thyroid tumors are rare. They are mainly localized in the lungs (10-15%), bones (9%) and brain (1%). Metastases to the facial area are exceptional. These metastases are more common with carcinoma of the vesicular (20%) than papillary (3.5%) carcinoma. The aim of our work is to support clinical and radiological aspects as well as therapeutic modalities of these entities.Observations: Cases 1 and 2: Woman aged 38 and a b...

Introduction: Primary thyroid non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, which is defined as a lymphoma occurring in the thyroid gland, is a quite rare pathologic entity, accounting for 1, 3-1, 5 % of thyroid neoplasm, and 0, 5% of lymphoma. The aim of our work is to evaluate the clinicopathological features and treatment outcomes of patients with primary thyroid lymphoma.Material and methods: We report 8cases of primary thyroid lymphoma collected at our department be...

Introduction: Metastasis in adenopathy accompanying thyroid microcarcinoma (TMC) is a rare clinical situation. We propose to study the risk factors for their occurrence, their clinical characteristics and their therapeutic methods.Material and methods: A retrospective study of 14 cases of TMC associated with metastatic cervical adenopathy collected in our ENT department, between 1990 and 2023.Results: The cases studied represented ...

We present the case of a 32 yeas old male, diagnosed 7 years ago with Basedow disease, with numerous recidives which needed anti-thyroid medication, with poor response (hypo to hyper-thyroid status, with high variations of TSH and FT4) whom after a period of remission (8 months, no treatment) came in for a polymorphic symptomatology sugestive for hyperthyroidism. The hyperthyroid state was confirmed he had high TrAb ()31 UI/ml vs <1.75 UI/ml)- and we need to mention that o...

Objective: Non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) it’s a histological entity that describes a low-aggressive neoplasm previously classified as encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma and well differentiated tumour of uncertain malignant potential. The preoperative diagnosis it’s difficult, and if we suspect it hemithyroidectomy or lobectomy it’s the therapeutic management of choice. Therefore,...

Aim: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounts for 85% of thyroid cancers. Classical PTC has a 10 year survival rate of over 95%. Although the histopathological diagnosis of thyroid tumors, which started in the 1950s, has improved significantly in the last few decades, the effect of aggressive subtypes on survival has not been fully clarified. In our study, we investigated the effect of aggressive cytologic subtypes on behavior and prognosis in patients followed up with a diagno...

Aim: Dry eye syndrome(DES) is a common finding in patients with thyroid orbitopathy. There are few studies on DES in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Retinal pathology may develop in case of vitamin E deficiency, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.Materials and Methods: In our study, 29 patients who received radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment (Group 1) and 22 patients who did not receive RAI treatment (Gro...

Introduction: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a thyroid neuroendocrine tumor with a genetic basis and average biological aggressiveness, with a 5-year survival rate of around 90%. However, the presence of calcitonin (CT) biomarker along with genetic beckground could further improve these data, by earlier diagnosis and proper surgical management of genetically predisposed patients.Patients and Methods: To set specific thresholds for basal CT and calcium...

Introduction: Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in children is rare, accounting for 1.5 to 3% of all pediatric cancers. Its clinical presentation differs from that in adults. The aim of our study is to investigate the epidemiological, clinical, and anatomopathological characteristics of DTC in children and adolescents.Patients and Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted at the Nuclear Medicine Department of Habib Bourguiba University H...

Background: Differentiated thyroid cancer is the most prevalent thyroid cancer subtype, accounting for more than 95% of cases. Autoimmune thyroiditis, a frequent autoimmune disease, is reported in 25-30% patients with nodular goiter, according to the literatures. Differentiated thyroid cancer is associated with less aggressive disease and better outcome in patients with coexisting thyroid autoimmunity, but the studies already published revelead discordant data.<p class="ab...

Introduction: Recent studies have revealed that thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid cancer may coexist, although a pathogenic relationship has not been clearly established. Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disease and is considered the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system and represents the eighth most diagnosed cancer worldwide. Although in patients with GD, the presence of thyroid nodules is...

Introduction: Occult or subclinical thyroid carcinomas are not uncommon. Metastases of thyroid cancers may be discovered incidentally during cervical dissection for squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aero digestive tract. The prevalence of these thyroid metastases is estimated to be between 0.3 and 1.6%. The therapeutic impact is poorly codified, partly related to the frequently severe prognosis of those cancer. We aim through this case to discuss the therapeutic consequence...

Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases DepartmentIbn Rochd University Hospital of Casablanca, MoroccoNeurosciences and Mental Health Laboratory Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy-University Hassan II- Casablanca-MoroccoIntroduction: Insular carcinoma of the thyroid is an extremely rare tumor, accounting for 4% of cases, with a poor prognosis and malignancy intermediate between differentiat...

Background: We present a rare case of a 64-year-old patient diagnosed with longstanding untreated Graves’ disease and co-occurrence of metastatic thyroid cancer. Very few cases are reported in literature where the thyrotoxicosis in due to the distant metastasis and optimal treatment remains challenging.Case Presentation: The patient came to the endocrine unit for thyrotoxicosis treatment. He was diagnosed with Graves’ disease and following trea...

Background: The combination of various endocrine tumours is presented both as hereditary syndromes and sporadic forms. Medullary thyroid cancer and prolactinoma are neuroendocrine tumours, the presence of these two pathologies simultaneously has not been previously described in the literature.Objective: To present a clinical case of a patient with giant prolactinoma and medullary thyroid cancer.Materials and Methods: To describe th...

Back ground: Hyperthyroidism is a common disorder with multiple etiologies and radioactive iodine (RAI) is the important modality to treat it. Successful treatment is determined by development of euthyroidism and / or Hypothyroidism within 6 months of radioactive iodine treatment. The aim of this study was to find out the outcome of RAI treatment and its association with factors like age, gender various etiologies of hyperthyroidism and baseline TSH, FT4 in our population....

Introduction: Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is an acute inflammatory disorder which can rarely present as pyrexia of unknown origin without other symptoms. Diffuse thyroid heterogeneity, focal hypoechoic areas and decreased/normal gland vascularity are the most common ultrasound findings of SAT. We report a case of asymptomatic SAT presenting as bilateral thyroid nodules and pyrexia of unknown origin.Case Presentation: A 72-year-old male with a history of t...

Introduction: Despite being organ-specific autoimmune diseases (AID), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) may be associated with other AIDs either specific to other organs or systemic. These associations are not uncommon. They may be grouped in the form of an autoimmune polyendocrinopathy or multiple autoimmune syndrome (MAS). MAS is defined by the presence in the same person of at least three AIDs.Patients and Methods: It is a retrospective study over a ...

Summary: Hypothyroidism is a frequent and generally chronic pathology. Hypothyroid patients, particularly women of childbearing age, the elderly and/or cardiac patients, need to have a minimum level of knowledge of their pathology. The aim of our study was to assess the level of knowledge of a group of hypothyroid patients. The study involved 140 hypothyroid patients over a period of 06 months. The evaluation was carried out using a questionnaire, and the responses were record...

Introduction: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by an overproduction of thyroid hormones. Synthetic antithyroid drugs are essential to reduce these hormones before definitive treatment, but they can lead to side effects. This study aims to assess the frequency of these effects and their management.Patients and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study over 5 years (2018-2023) involving 79 patients treated for hyperthyroidism who experienced side effects ...

Introduction: While hydatid cysts can manifest in various organs, reports on their occurrence in the thyroid gland are limited in the literature. This report aims to present five cases of thyroid hydatid disease along with a comprehensive literature review.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 5 patients who underwent surgical intervention for thyroid hydatid cysts between 1982 and 2023.Results: The avera...

The endocrine and reproductive systems of women work in close relationship and moderates the functional state of visceral systems. In patients with concomitant diseases and breast cancer (BC), some hypofunction of the thyroid gland (TG) was revealed and there is a direct dependence of the decrease in functional activity on the progression and luminal forms of pathological changes in the mammary gland. However, the effect of antitumor methods of treatment in BC on the clinical ...

Introduction: Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism, and it often involves the development of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO). The latter occurs in a significant percentage (25-50%) of Graves’ disease cases. Active and severe ophthalmopathy can lead to a worsened prognosis and, in extreme cases, result in blindness. Reports about late ocular manifestation of GD have become scarce due to improved management.<p class="abst...

Introduction: Hypothyroidism presentation can be variable. Some patients are asymptomatic whilst other present with general lethargy and cold intolerance. Depending on the degree of hormone deficiency, patient can also present with by skeletal muscle involvement characterized by muscle aches and weakness (proximal myopathy). In some cases, patients with hypothyroidism will have elevated CK but this usually less that 5000Cases: 1. 46 years old was referre...

Introduction: Inappropriate laboratory test utilization can result in unnecessary patient testing and increased healthcare costs. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is recommended as the first-line test for investigating and monitoring thyroid dysfunction. We evaluate Thyroid function tests (TFTs) ordering in our hospital practice.Methods: A retrospective descriptive study included 400 TFTs requests. TFTs of interest were: TSH and FT4. These tests request...

We would like to report the case of a 45-year-old woman who came to our emergency department two months ago complaining of exhaustion, vomiting, and stomach pain. In the last three weeks, she had three admissions to the ER due to vomiting. She did not have any chronic illnesses, and her only medication for the vomiting was oral electrolytes. In the last two months, she claims to have lost four to five kilograms. The physical examination showed tachycardia (135 beats per minute...

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a state of hypometabolism at the origin of numerous metabolic disturbances, including dyslipidemia, which may increase cardiovascular risk in these patients. The aim of our study is to assess the lipid profile in patients with peripheral hypothyroidism.Materials and methods: Retrospective descriptive study including 130 patients, followed at the Endocrinology-Diabetology and Nutrition Department of the University Hospital ...

Introduction: Thyroid ectopia is a rare condition resulting from an anomaly in the development or migration of the gland. We present two cases of thyroid ectopia.Case Reports: Case 1: A 44-year-old woman underwent orbital CT scan due to chronic right eye tearing, revealing a lesion at the base of the tongue. Thyroid palpation was negative, and oropharynx examination was unremarkable. Tongue MRI showed a 43 × 37 mm lesion at the base with heterogeneo...

Background: Marine-Lenhart syndrome (MLS) is defined by the coexistence of Graves’ disease and a hyperactive nodule or multinodular goiter. Although rare, its diagnosis by functional imaging coupled with ultrasound is necessary in order to propose a radical treatment. We report the case of a patient followed for hyperthyroidism related to a SML.Case presentation: A 52-year-old patient consulted for a picture of thyrotoxicosis associating tremor, wei...

Introduction: Most goitres are asymptomatic and do not require surgical intervention. Surgical management is recommended for goitres with compressive symptoms, suspected malignancy, drug-resistant hyperthyroidism, or retrosternal extension.Case: 63-year-old female with a background history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity (BMI 43 kg/m2) and possible obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), presented to Emergency Department following a one-minu...

Introduction: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a highly aggressive endocrine tumor formed of undifferentiated follicular thyroid cells. ATC accounts for only 1-4% of all thyroid cancers. The therapeutic approach is typically multimodal, combining surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. However, ATC is often resistant to treatment. Hence, the reported median overall survival of ATC patients is ~3 months, with nearly 100% disease-specific mortality.Case: A ...

Background: Thyrotoxicosis is a well-known complication of amiodarone therapy. Three types of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) are recognized; type 1 AIT, type 2 AIT, and mixed/indefinite forms of AIT. Type 1 AIT is an iodine-induced hyperthyroidism that usually occurs in patients with pre-existing nodular goitre or latent Graves’ disease1. We present a case of type 1 AIT associated with a transiently toxic solitary thyroid nodule, with hyperthyroidism r...

Introduction: The simultaneous occurrence of two drug-induced thyroid dysfunctions is rare. We present a case of central hypothyroidism due to bexarotene (BXC), followed by Interferon-α (IFNα)-induced Graves’ disease (GD) thyrotoxicosis after 2 years.Case Report: A 56-year-old man with no prior thyroid disease was diagnosed with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and commenced treatment with BXC 600 mg/day and IFNα 90 mg/week concurrently. Aft...

Introduction: Patients with Graves’ disease (GD) and thyroid nodules have an elevated risk of developing papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Distant metastasis observed in 1-9% of patients with PTC. The classical subtype usually demonstrates favorable prognosis compared to other more aggressive PTC subtypes, for which an increased risk of extranodal metastases is observed.Aim of the Study: We present an unusual case of a young male diagnosed with cla...

Background: One of the complications of hypothyroidism is the disorder of the neuromuscular system. Myopathic changes often accompany hypothyroidism and are observed in 30-80% of patients. A distinctive feature of hypothyroid myopathies is the reversibility of clinical manifestations and significant improvement of well-being after levothyroxine compensation of the disease. However, the absence of a vivid clinical picture of hypothyroidism, combined with its rare occurrence, co...

Background: Neck ultrasonography (USG) is an important imaging tool in the postoperative follow-up of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas with involvement in various organs and lymph nodes. Herein, a case with atypical lymph nodes detected on neck USG during routine follow-up for PTC and diagnosed with sarcoidosis will be presented.Case presentation: A 52-year-old female pati...

Introduction: Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) belongs to gluten-related disorders. Patients with NCGS develop a variety of intestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, bowel habit abnormalities, nausea, gastroesophageal reflux disease and aphthous stomatitis, that improve when gluten is removed from the diet. The diagnosis is made after exclusion of coeliac disease and wheat allergy. Although thyroxine malabsorption has been described in pa...

Introduction: Antithyroid drugs are the firstline medical treatment for hyperthyroidism in addition to symptomatic treatment (rest, beta-blockers). The most widely used in Tunisia is Thiamazole. They are generally well tolerated, but side effects have been reported. The most serious ones are agranulocytosis and liver damage. Allergic skin reactions (pruritus, urticaria) are the most common. We herein report a case of a lichenoid dermatitis bullous toxidermia induced by Thiamaz...

Introduction: Targeted therapies and monoclonal antibodies are known to trigger thyroid autoimmunity. No case of autoimmune thyroid disease with mepolizumab, an anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody, is reported in the literature. In this case report, we present a case of Graves’ disease that recurred after Mepolizumab treatment.Case: A 74-year-old male patient was referred to the endocrinology outpatient clinic upon detection of hyperthyroidism on 11/2021....

Introduction: Myxedema coma is the most serious manifestation of hypothyroidism and, although rare, it is associated with high mortality. Amiodarone therapy can lead to thyroid dysfunction, either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism; however, in this context, myxedema coma is rare. Amiodarone discontinuance is not recommended in hypothyroidism’s treatment, but may lead to its resolution if there is no pre-existing thyroid pathology. We present a clinical case of amiodarone-...

Introduction: Graves’ disease (GD) is the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism. The standard approach to managing GD involves the use of antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine (RAI), and surgery. Additional supportive treatments include beta-blockers (Bb), corticosteroids (CTC), Lugol’s solution. In exceptional cases, some patients may exhibit resistance to these conventional methods, necessitating additional forms of management. We report a case of Grav...

Twenty years of experience (4, 573 operations) of performing medial access and thyroid mobilization according to the Nikolaev’s method is presented. The operation is preceded by an ultrasound performed by a surgeon. Changes have been made to the primary technique: subcutaneous veins and short neck muscles do not intersect. The secretion of the thyroid gland begins from the trachea with traction of the thyroid gland to the lateral side. Ligation of large vessels begins at ...

The purpose of the study is a comparative assessment of the hematological, autoimmune and hormonal status of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (AİT).Material and methods: 45 patients with AIT aged from 25 to 76 years were examined (average age 44.3&pm;1.5). 39 of them women (86.7%), 6 men (13.3%). Two groups were determined: 1st group - patients with AIT with anemia - 36 people (average age 44.1&pm;1.7); 2nd group - patients with AIT without ane...

Introduction: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting the orbital tissues. It occurs with thyroid dysfunction notably Graves’ disease. TED exhibits different severity patterns and has a lot of risk factors. We, herein, report a rare case of a severe TED developing after COVID-19 infection in a patient initially treated for hyperthyroidism without ocular manifestations.Observation: A 48-year-old female with a histor...

Introduction: Graves’ disease, a common cause of hyperthyroidism, occasionally poses therapeutic challenges. This case report highlights complexities of Graves’ disease management, particularly an unusual complication: Propylthiouracil (PTU) - induced ANCA vasculitis.Case report: A 51-year-old lady with Graves’ disease diagnosed in 2008, achieved remission with 18 month course of Carbimazole. She experienced a relapse in February 2021 and ...

Introduction: Thyroid storm or thyrotoxic crisis is a severe manifestation of thyrotoxicosis. Mortality rate is 20-30%. The most common trigger is hyperthyroidism due to Graves-Basedow Disease. There are two validated scales for diagnosis: the Burch Wartofsky scale (BWPS) and the Japanese Thyroid Association scale (JTA). These scales are based on cardiovascular, neurological, digestive, and thermoregulatory clinical manifestations. If clinical suspicion is high, treatment shou...

Introduction: Schmidt’s syndrome also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 (APS type 2) is a rare endocrine disorder defined by the combined occurrence of Addison disease with autoimmune thyroid disease. The rarity of the condition and the atypical presentation of adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism often lead to misdiagnosis with life-threatening consequences for the patient. In this study we report an exhaustive monocentric analysis of 22 patients diag...

Introduction: The functional interaction between the immune and endocrine systems remains intricate, and the relationships among various cell types and humoral mediators are not fully elucidated. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, being a heterogeneous T cell subpopulation, express markers specific for both natural killer (NK) cells (NK1.1, CD56) and T cells (TCR - T cell receptor). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) influences the immune system, and TSH receptors (TSHR) have been i...

Introduction: Thyroid-gastric autoimmune syndrome (TGS), described in the 1960s, is the autoimmune association of thyroid disease (Hashimoto’s or Graves’ disease) and gastric mucosal disease (Biermer’s disease) in the same patient. Although this association is part of the autoimmune polyendocrinopathies, its prevalence is largely underestimated in the literature. We report the case of a 56-year-old female patient with TGS.Observation: Pati...

Introduction: Grave’s disease is a rare disease in children. Treatment options are the same as in adults but remission rate with antithyroid drugs (ATD) appears to be lower in children and more prolonged courses of ATD are recommended. We aimed to evaluate the outcome of ATD treatment and to identify factors associated with remission.Methods: Retrospective study of 36 pediatric patients diagnosed with Grave’s disease at the Pediatric Department...

Introduction: Thyroid nodules are much less common in children and adolescents than in adults. However, thyroid nodules in children are more likely to be malignant. Most thyroid cancers in children are differentiated thyroid cancers, which arise from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Although extremely rare (1.5% of all tumours before the age of 15), there are two types of differentiated thyroid cancer in children: papillary and follicular. Around 90% of paediatric th...

The most feared nerve injury when treating thyroid cancer is that of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. However, there are other nerve complications, underestimated and underpublished, such as the lesion of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve, which requires a multiprofessional approach to recover functionality and esthetics, both affected.Clinical Case: A 44 year old woman, under study for anemia, underwent a cervical ultrasound that showed in the lef...

Introduction: Poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDTC) is an aggressive and rare form of thyroid carcinoma that originates from follicular cells and accounts for only 1-3 percent of all thyroid carcinomas diagnosed1. Most of the limited instances of PDTCs have been observed in older individuals. Instances in the pediatric population are exceedingly rare2.Case report: This report refers 17-year-old female, who presented moderate hirsut...

Introduction: Epidemiological studies show that thyroid nodules (TN) are found on ultrasonography in 19-67% of patients, with a predominance in women, the elderly, and populations living in areas with insufficient iodine intake. Approximately 5-15% of nodules are malignant, of which 95% are well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas.Material and methods: The medical history of 377 patients treated for thyroid carcinomas (TC) in the Hospital of Lithuanian Uni...

Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) arises from thyroid parafollicular C cells and accounts for <5% of thyroid cancers. Nearly 25% occur in the context of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome (MEN2) or familial isolated MTC.Objectives: Evaluation of clinical characteristics and evolution of patients with MTC.Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of patients with MTC diagnosed from 2001 to 2023....

Introduction: Metastatic thyroid tumors are infrequent, accounting for just 3% of all thyroid cancers. Interestingly, 7.8% of these metastases stem from breast cancer. Previous malignancies increase metastatic suspicions when thyroid nodules, possibly accompanied by cervical lymphadenopathy, are discovered. As our case emphasizes, diagnostics can be complex, necessitating specialized treatment and monitoring plans.Case Presentation: A 55-year-old female ...

Introduction: The incidence of thyroid cancer in women, especially in reproductive age seems to be significantly increasing in Georgia and generally, worldwide. Thyroid cancer is the third most common cancer after breast cancer and uterine cervical cancer, among women aged 25 to 45 years. Multiple epidemiological studies have shown, that the prevalence of thyroid cancer is higher in women in the reproductive age (18-49), which could be explained by reproductive and menstrual f...

Introduction: Pharyngolaryngeal cancers can invade the thyroid either by direct extension or via the lymphatic or hematogenous pathways. These three types of extension explain the indications for thyroidectomy during pharyngolaryngeal surgery, mainly documented for laryngeal cancers.Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study of 46 patients who underwent total laryngectomy (TL) associated with a thyroid procedure at the Department ...

Introduction: Papillary carcinoma is the most common histological type of thyroid carcinomas. Lymph node involvement is an important prognostic factor. But its management remains uncodified.Objective: The aim of our study was to identify the predictive factors of lateral lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma.Methods: This is a retrospective study including 96 patients operated on for papillary thyroid carcinoma at ou...

Background: The incidence and mortality rates of thyroid cancer (TC) vary across nations for reasons such as registry accuracy, diagnostic and management practices, care quality, and standardization methods. Risk factors for TC include genetic abnormalities, iodine intake, TSH levels, autoimmune thyroid disease, gender, lifestyle, and environmental pollutants. In 2005, a mandatory salt iodization program was implemented in Lithuania. This study aims to analyse TC incidence and...

Introduction: Papillary cancer accounts for 90 % of all thyroid cancers. Although this cancer has a good prognosis, some patients do not respond well to the conventional treatment (surgery and iodine radiation therapy).Objective: The aim of this study is to identify predictive factors of persistent or refractory disease in papillary thyroid cancer.Method: This is a retrospective study including 79 patients who underwent surgery for...

Introduction: Carcinogenesis results from a disturbance in the balance between apoptosis and cell proliferation. This process involves inflammatory cells, which play a pro- and anticarcinogenic role.Objective: the aim of this study is to investigate the status of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as potential biomarkers in predicting the evolutionary profile of papillary thyroid cancers.Methods: ...

Introduction: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is characterized by elevated calcitonin levels, stemming from genetic factors or occurring sporadically. Carcinoid syndrome involves symptoms triggered by substances released by tumors, such as hormones and amines. This case report details a patient who developed carcinoid syndrome linked to medullary thyroid cancer.Case: A 77-year-old male presented with flushing, diarrhea, and dizziness. No other health issu...

Introduction: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, also known as undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma, is a rare, highly aggressive malignant tumor accounting for 2 to 3 percent of all thyroid gland neoplasms. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma continues to be one of the most deadly diseases worldwide and carries a very poor prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and evolutionary aspects of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas.M...

Introduction: This study aims to assess the performance of ultrasound using Kwak-TIRADS as the primary diagnostic tool for estimating papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) risk in thyroid nodules within the high-prevalence region of Crete, Greece.Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 802 thyroid nodules collected between 2018 and 2021. Nodules were categorized based on Kwak-TIRADS and compared against the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cy...

Serum calcitonin (CT) screening of thyroid nodules is a highly sensitive test for early diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and is used for initial diagnosis and post-surgical follow-up. MTC is neuroendocrine tumor derived from parafollicular C cells which produce calcitonin. It is a rare tumor, accounting for 5-10% of all thyroid carcinomas, with a favorable prognosis if diagnosed early. A 74-year-old patient was referred to our clinic due to elevated basal CT leve...

Introduction: The occurrence of a differentiated thyroid carcinoma alongside a squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is a seldom-encountered clinical phenomenon. Typically, it presents as a histological surprise, as clinical examinations and thyroid gland scans often show no abnormalities. Limited clinical cases have been documented in the literature, and the management of such cases remains a subject of significant controversy.Material and Methods: We c...

Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuro-endocrine tumor arising from the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. MTC produces calcitonin, and elevated calcitonin level is an essential feature of this tumor. MTC constitutes approximately 4% to 10% of all thyroid cancers. The objective of our study is to discuss the clinical aspects and therapeutic modalities of MTC through our series with review of the literature.Patients and Me...

Introduction: In the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), essential tools include iodine-131 scintigraphic imaging, coupled with cervical ultrasound and thyroglobulin measurement. An additional valuable tool is single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography (SPECT-CT), which precisely localizes fixation anomalies observed during whole-body scans. The aim of our study is to demonstrate, through a case study, the diagnostic contribution...

Introduction: The association of thyroid carcinoma with Graves’ disease (GD) is considered rare. Over 85% of thyroid cancer in patients with GD was papillary thyroid carcinoma, although other histologic types including follicular, medullary, and anaplastic carcinoma could be found in some studies. We report here a series of cases of thyroid cancer discovered in patients with GD, in order to evaluate the incidence of thyroid carcinoma in patients operated on for GD and to ...

Objective: The epithelial cancers of the thyroid include papillary, follicular, hurtle and anaplastic. These are divided into well, poorly differentiated thyroid cancer and undifferentiated (or anaplastic) thyroid cancer (ATC). ATC is uncommon and very agressive entity. It is responsible for 7, 5% of all thyroid cancers. The aim of our study is to discuss the clinical aspects and therapeutic modalities of ATC through our series with review of the literature.<p class="abste...

Introduction: The association between hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer has become increasingly frequent. The etiopathogenesis remains controversial. We report 15 cases of patients, in whom an incidental association with differentiated thyroid cancer was identified.MaterialS and Methods: Retrospective study over a 37-year period (1986-2023) including 15 patients followed at the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for hyperthyroidi...

Introduction: Intra-thyroid metastases are infrequent, comprising only 1-3% of all thyroid malignancies. Renal cell carcinoma, particularly of the clear cell type (CCRC), stands out as the predominant kidney malignancy and the most common primary source of intra-thyroid metastases, often manifesting several years post-diagnosis. This report highlights two cases of CCRC metastasis to the thyroid, both featuring deceptive cytological findings.Case 1: A 60-...

Introduction: Co-occurrence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (HT) is a debatable subject in many studies. It’s noted that patients with HT have less aggressive tumors and a better prognosis, possibly related to the immune response against tumoral cells.Aim: To evaluate demographic, clinical, laboratorial, histopathological parameters in patients with HT and DTC, compared to the patients without HT, focusin...

Introduction: Warthin-like thyroid tumor (WLPTC) is a rare variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma characterized by a lymphoid stroma. Approximately 95 observations have been published in the literature. Like papillary carcinoma, Warthin-like thyroid tumors have a good prognosis. The key to diagnosis is anatomopathological examination. In this regard, we report a case of WLPTC because of its rarity.Observation: Patient aged 56, known diabetic for 6 years ...

Introduction: Papillary microcarcinoma is a malignant disease of the thyroid measuring less than 1 centimeter at its highest dimension. It has a good prognosis with a small rate of metastasis and giant adenopathies with rapid growth are a rare find.Case report: We present the case of a 75-year-old male patient, who recently underwent surgery for massive laterocervical adenopathy, measuring 50/38.5/48.5 mm in diameters, with rapid growth (in approximately...

Introduction: Thyroid storm is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism. In pregnant patients can cause spontaneous abortions, fetal demise. Aggressive treatment is needed.Case report: 26 years female 20 weeks pregnant; Graves’ disease for five years, was on carbimazole but she discontinued since she became pregnant Shortly after that, she started to complain with progressive dyspnea at less than ordinary effort, bilateral lower limb swelling, increas...

Background: After total thyroidectomy Hypocalcemia is the most frequent complication. Serum calcium levels are reliable only 48–72 hours postoperatively. Now a day’s measurement of iPTH as an early predictor of postoperative hypocalcemia is practiced in many centers.Objectives: To share our experience for the diagnosis and treatment of post-operative transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy and to assess the ability ...

Introduction: Fourth branchial lesions are a rare cause of inflammatory neck masses in children. The aim is to emphasize the pathophysiology, clinical features, and therapeutic modalities of the fourth branchial cleft cyst. We report three cases of fourth branchial arch cysts complicated by superinfection, collected in our ENT and neck surgery department.Results: There were three male children aged of 4, 6 and 18 years old respectively. They consulted ou...

Introduction: In patients with Graves’ disease, uncontrolled thyrotoxicosis causes liver dysfunction in 37 to 78% of cases. This is commonly revealed by abnormal elevation of liver enzymes including hepatic cytolysis and cholestasis. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of liver dysfunction and its associated factors in patients with Graves’ disease.Methods: This was a monocentric retrospective study including 108 patien...

Introduction: The term syndrome of ‘inappropriate secretion of TSH’ was originally coined to indicate two forms of central hyperthyroidism-resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) and thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHomas). We present such a case that poses a diagnostic challenge.Case: A 44-year-old female presented with fatigue post COVID infection four months ago. Thyroid function tests (TFT) revealed high thyroid-stimulating hor...

Introduction: Thyrotoxicosis as well as its treatment with Carbimazole (CBZ) or Propylthiouracil (PTU) have been reported to result in myopathy. Onset of myalgia during the treatment of thyrotoxicosis may cause a diagnostic challenge in distinguishing the thyrotoxic from the drug-induced myopathy. We report such a case where myopathy was induced by treatment with both CBZ and PTU.Case report: We report the case of a 26-year-old Chinese lady presenting wi...

Introduction: Mono or combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors for malignancies causes thyroid dysfunction in the form of overt or subclinical hypothyroidism, or thyrotoxicosis. Thyrotoxicosis phase is often transient and in some cases so short that it cannot be diagnosed in time and the patient is examined late when hypothyroidism is confirmed. We describe a case of Cervical Cancer woman who developed transient thyrotoxicosis and later hypothyroidism after combin...

Introduction: Overt hyperthyroidism is the result of excessive production of thyroid hormones. The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical characteristics and the diagnosis of certainty is made by hormone assay, combining low TSH with increased thyroid hormones. If the hyperthyroidism is left untreated, symptoms progress and can lead to complications that may jeopardize life prognosis.Patients and Methods: A retrospective study involving 29 patients w...

Background: De Quervain’s thyroiditis is a transient inflammatory thyroid disorder, characterized by neck pain, a tender goiter and a triphasic clinical course of thyroid function evolution.Clinical Case: A 21-year-old male presented to the emergency department with 5 days of fever, agitation, palpitations, diarrhea and cough. He had a significant past medical history of aplastic anemia, in remission after an allogeneic stem cell transplant a year a...

Introduction: In cases of emergent surgical conditions, pre-medication of patients with thyrotoxicosis is required to reduce the patient’s risk of thyroid storm in the perioperative and postoperative state. Perforated viscus with concurrent thyrotoxicosis is rarely reported. We report 2 cases of thyrotoxicosis and acute abdomen with perforated viscus.Case 1: A 27-year-old gentleman with underlying hyperthyroidism, presented with central epigastric p...

Introduction: Thyroid swelling is habitually a thyroid nodule, however sometimes it reveal to be another pathology that we did not expect. We aim through this case and literature revue discuss the diagnostic errance in front of thyroid mass that it correspond to a cyst of the fourth cleft.Material and method: We report a case of cyst of the 4th cleft in adults managed in our department that presented as a thyroid nodule....

Introcduction: Pulmonary herniation is defined as a protrusion of the lung and its pleural layers beyond the normal limits of the rib cage. It can be cervical, intercostal or diaphragmatic. Cervical hernia develops from the apex of the lung and represents approximately one third of pulmonary hernias and 60% of congenital lesions e report a case of cervical pulmonary hernia, in order to discuss the epidemiological etiopathogenic and clinical particularities of this entity.<...

Background: Macro-TSH, a rare condition, should be considered in asymptomatic patients presenting with a biological profile of subclinical hypothyroidism, thus avoiding unnecessary treatment. We report the case of a patient with macro-TSH.Case Presentation: A 41-year-old man was transferred from the Cardiology Department for further exploration of elevated TSH. He has been hospitalized for acute decompensation of heart failure. A thyroid workup revealed ...

Aim: In patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the incidence of subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is thought to be more frequent than estimated. The incidence of thyroid cancer is between 2.3% and 21.1% in Graves’ Disease (GD).Case: A 31-year-old female patient applied with complaints of amenorrhea and hair loss in the 10th postpartum month. There was no history of COVID-19 infection, but Biontech vaccine were administered two years ago. Her fami...

Introduction: Thyroid cancer is one of the common malignancies diagnosed in pregnancy and the management of thyroid nodules in pregnancy is the same as in non-pregnant patients. Ultrasound thyroid and FNA are necessary in the investigations of any thyroid nodule.Case presentation: A 39-year-old woman of Eastern European descent presented to the joint obstetric-endocrine clinic complaining of dysphagia and swollen neck at 34 weeks gestation. Her past medi...

Introduction: Jugular vein agenesis is an extremely rare condition and its prevalence is not well-established. Case reports in the medical literature are limited, emphasizing the rarity of this anatomical variation.Case Presentation: Agenesis of the jugular vein is a rare anatomical variation characterized by the congenital absence or significant underdevelopment of the jugular vein, an essential vascular structure in the venous drainage of the head and ...

Case presentation: This detailed case report delves into the complex clinical trajectory of a 37-year-old Afro-Caribbean woman hailing from Zimbabwe, who presented with a diverse array of symptoms. Among these were diarrhea, tremor, anxiety, abdominal distension, amenorrhea and a staggering unintentional weight loss of 1 kg over the past year. Notably, her medical history features a previous open left-sided salpingectomy undertaken for a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. The persist...

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of tocilizumab (TZM) in the treatment of glucocorticoid-resistant Grave’s orbitopathy (GO).Materials and Methods: 3 patients with GO on the background of compensated Graves’ disease were observed. Treatment of GO was initiated with methylprednisolone (total doses of 8, 000-13, 1 mg) without significant clinical effect with a CAS of 4 points. After that TZM was administered three times intravenously once a mon...

Introduction: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism with a relative increased risk of thyroid lymphoma compared to healthy subjects. Hyperfunctioning nodules are rarely malignant. We report the case of a rare association of thyroid carcinoma, a hyperfunctioning nodule and Hashimoto thyroiditis.Observation: We report the case of a 40-year-old female patient treated with L-thyroxine for hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto th...

A gentleman in his 70s with a background of atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and mesothelioma undergoing immunotherapy via Nivolumab and Ipilimumab, presented with general unwellness, fevers, confusion, and headaches. He had no prior endocrine history but was found to have significantly deranged thyroid function tests. He was treated for thyrotoxicosis and an impending thyroid storm with carbimazole. He remained treatment resistant for several days, with continuous delirium,...

Introduction: Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMC) usually manifest a slow progression, commonly displaying local-regional extension, contributing to a generally favorable prognosis. However, certain instances are complicated by lymph node metastasis, a pivotal factor influencing therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, and histological characteristics of patients with PMCT and lymph node metastasis.<p class="abstext"...

Introduction: Giant multinodular goiter (MNG) is a heterogeneous clinical disorder that can be asymptomatic or can cause compression of surrounding structures, and when it is accompanied by obstructive symptoms such as dyspnea, it carries an indication for surgery. Pulmonary hypertension is one of the most important complications of untreated hyperthyroidism, that can be reversible under treatment.Case presentation: We present a case of 75 years old fema...

Introduction: Graves’ disease (GD), the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is an organ-specific autoimmune disease. Initial treatment of GD is based on antithyroid drugs (ATDs). However, few cases of resistance to ATDs have been described in the literature. Here, we report a GD patient who suffered from resistance to ATDs requiring an early definitive therapy.Case presentation: A 30-year-old female patient was referred to our institution for mana...

Background: The causes of thyrotoxicosis include hot and Graves disease. Graves’ disease can be associated with Graves eye disease, and thus have a psychological impact on the patient. The treatment of thyrotoxicosis includes medical therapy, surgical therapy, and radioiodine treatment. Treatment of thyroid eye disease includes both medical and surgical therapy in a multidisciplinary setting. Medical treatment using steroids may worsen hyperglycaemia in patients with exis...

Introduction: Graves’ disease (GD), an autoimmune disorder predominantly impacting the thyroid gland, can extend its effects to various organs, such as the eyes and skin. It stands as the leading cause of hyperthyroidism. It is defined by the pathognomonic combination of thyrotoxicosis, goitre and exophthalmos. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of GD.Patients and Methods: A retrospective study involving 31 patients with prima...

Background: Normal thyroid size varies across populations depending on age and gender. The results of assessing the normal size of the thyroid gland in young healthy men in Belarus population have not been published yet.Materials and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. We studied 138 men 18-28 years old without endocrine pathology who applied to the Minsk City Clinical Endocrinology Center in 2023. The aim of the study is to est...

Normal thyroid size in women varies between populations, and depends on the age. The results of assessing the normal size of the thyroid gland in young healthy fertile women in Belarus population have not been published yet.Materials and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. We studied 122 fertile women 18-44 years old without endocrine pathology who applied to the Minsk Clinical Consultative and Diagnostic Center in 2023. The aim...

Introduction: Subclinical hyperthyroidism (SH) is defined by normal thyroid hormone levels and reduced thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration. It still raises intriguing questions about its clinical impact, management and outcomes. The aim of our study was to determine the underlying etiologies of SH, its clinical features and its outcomes in Tunisian patients.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study at Charles Nicolle Hospital, including 46 ...

Radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) is a treatment method used to in cases of Graves’ disease(GD), toxic multinodular guatr and solitary toxic nodüle and residual tissue after thyroidectomy or in the treatment of metastases capable of capturing iodine. The biological basis of the treatment is the inhibition of follicle cell functions. Side effects such as thyroid swelling, radiation thyroiditis and sialadenitis are rare. Radiation thyroiditis tends to occur within two w...

Introduction: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most frequent endocrine diseases worldwide that is typically irreversible. Herein we report the case of a woman who had spontaneous remission of hypothyroidism while discussing the potential mechanisms underlying this unusual evolution.Case report: T.C. is a 44-year-old woman with no familial history of thyroid diseases nor auto-immune conditions. She has no particular personal medical history...

Background: Papillary microcarcinoma (PMC) of the thyroid is defined as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) measuring ≤1 cm., Survival after surgery for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is greater than 99%. The chances of a recurrence of thyroid cancer after surgery are between 2-4%.Case Presentation: 9 years old boy was consulted by an endocrinologist in 2012. 6-5-1 mm thyroid nodule revealed. Thyroid antibodies and thyroid hormones we...

Introduction: Follicular thyroid cancer is the second most common differentiated thyroid cancer and accounts for approximately 10–15% of all thyroid cancers. It tends to invade blood vessels and metastasise by haematogenous spread to distant sites, most commonly to the bones and lungs. The incidence of distant metastasis in follicular thyroid cancer has been reported as 6–20%. Metastases to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes are extremely rare. the aim of this work is t...

Thyroglossal tract cyst carcinoma (TTC) is a rare pathological situation, The challenge is mainly in the surgical management. We report a new case of papillary TTC in a 51 year old female patient, not suspected preoperatively and confirmed postoperatively by histological analysis of the resected specimen. The therapeutic strategy was completed by a total thyroidectomy with adjuvant treatment with radioactive iodine and hormone restraint therapy. The outcome was favorable after...

Introduction: Thyroid cancers in males are rare forms characterized by their aggressiveness and frequent association with locoregional or distant metastases. Objective To describe the clinical and biological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinomas in male subjects.Materials and Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study involving all male patients followed for papillary thyroid carcinoma at the endocrinology department of Ibn Rochd...

Introduction: Thyroid nodules are common in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (HT) patients. They are usually hypo-functioning or "cold" areas on the scan. Presentation as a functioning "nodule" is extremely unusual. Warner reported the first case of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and hot nodule in 1971. This rare condition has been previously reported in a few cases too. We present a 55-year-old woman with toxic adenoma and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis with local com...

Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is defined as a rare neuroendocrine tumor originated from the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid, noted for the ability of secreting calcitonin and other peptides. MTC poses a high risk of mortality if left untreated as the tumoral cells can invade nearby tissues, lymph nodes, lymphatic or blood vessels and, ultimately, other organs. Calcitonin is key in the evaluation and treatment protocol as its basal serum levels tend to b...

Patient R., 66 years old. Diagnosis: A foreign body of the thyroid gland. Anamnesis: On 01.12.2023, I ate fish. After swallowing a piece of fish, I felt discomfort in the neck area, a feeling of a foreign body appeared. On 02.12.2023, she turned to an otolaryngologist. During laryngoscopy, it was found that the fish bone stuck into the wall of the esophagus at the level of the larynx. During endoscopic removal, the bone broke off. It was possible to extract a fragment up to 2 ...

Background: Among differentiated thyroid cancers, follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is the second most prevalent, representing 10-15% of cases. Histopathological features, tumour size, multifocality, presence of lymphnode metastasis at diagnosis are the most impacting features affecting clinical outcome. Tumour microenvironment (TME) may have an important ancillary role for disease progression. We present two cases of FTC with biochemical and structural persistence of disease...

Introduction: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine neoplasia, with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) being the subtype that represents 75 - 80% of cases; with an indolent character and a 10-year survival rate greater than 90%. Vascular infiltration is very rare in this type of tumors, which usually spread through the lymphatic route. The treatment of choice continues to be surgery with adjuvant radioiodine based on the risk stratification of recurrence and radiotherapy ...

Introduction: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the major extra-thyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD). The delayed onset of TED after hyperthyroidism resolution and the decline in TRAb levels is a rare occurrence, necessitating the exclusion of other underlying orbital inflammatory diseases.Case Report: A 59-year-old non-smoking female patient presented with thyrotoxicosis symptoms (fatigue, palpitations, resting tremors) persisting for three m...

A 60–year-old male and 24–year-old female presented to the endocrinologist with hyperthyroidism of unknown cause. A 60-year-old male was admitted to the Department of Endocrinology with fatigue, dyspnoea, increased sweating, and anxiety. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed with TSH < 0.0008 mIU/l [reference range: 0.3500 – 4.9400], FT4 – 4.03 ng/dl [reference range: 0.89 – 1.76] and FT3 – 12.96 [reference range: 2.3-4.2]. The patient had a...

Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PAS) are rare group of diseases, which characterised by association of two or more autoimmune endocrine disorders in a single patient. Often PAS is combined with autoimmune damage of non-endocrine organs. Type 3 PAS includes combination of autoimmune thyroid disease and other autoimmune conditions. The adrenal cortex is not involved. This type of PAS typically affects middle aged women. The cause is still unclear. In this case study I descri...

Objective: To find out the safety and fusibility of Thyroid surgery in a selected group of patients under local anesthesia. The aim of the study was to share our experience in case of home and total thyroidectomy in ENT foundation hospital and different clinics of Dhaka, Bangladesh.Case Study: Materials and Methods: All the patient was admitted to the hospital with clinically significant goiter selected for surgical treatment (2%) xylocaine with adrenali...

Introduction: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is the most common pediatric endocrine malignancy (0.5–3% of all childhood malignancies) with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) being the most common type. Children have higher rates of cervical lymph node metastases, distant metastasis and recurrence. We report the case of a patient who presented a thyroid nodule whose exploration revealed PTC, to illustrate clinical, ultrasonographic and therapeutic features.<p class="a...

Background: Obesity and thyroid neoplasia are common endocrinological diseases in the world and Iraq, and risk factors of this cancer are usually unmodifiable but there are some evidences that obesity is associated with increasing prevalence of many malignancies due to proposed pathophysiological mechanisms. Numerous research assessed the connections between thyroid disease outcomes and obesity, but only a small number took TBSRTC into account. The relationship between obesity...

Introduction: Graves’ disease is a rare and severe condition, affecting mainly younger children. Its appropriate management in children remains a subject of controversy in pediatric endocrinology, and the optimal duration of medical treatment to induce remission of the disease, as well as the indications for alternative therapies, remain to be defined.Observation: This is a 15-year-old child who presented at the age of 13 years and 10 months with ty...

Background and aims: Graves’s disease is associated with specific eye signs that is called as Graves’orbitopathy or ophthalmopathy (GO). GO usually occurs with hyperthyroidism. However it can be sometimes develop several years before the hyperthyroidism. The aim of this presentation is to describe the clinical case of a 48-year-old female patient with euthyroid Graves’ orbitopathy.Case report: A 48-year old woman presented to the clinic wi...

Introduction: Primary hyperparathyroidism represents a commonly encountered endocrine disorder characterized by the dysregulated secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), often associated with a parathyroid adenoma. The simultaneous occurrence of primary hyperparathyroidism with non-medullary thyroid carcinoma is infrequent. Our cases bring attention to this atypical connection, emphasizing the unique nature of this rare association.Cases: In Case 1, a 63-...